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Another issue comes to mind as I watch Darren slowly work towards a solution. Take a look at the fragment of his SQL I copied below: > C+ ifnull(min(FKENGD),' ') as EDSC, > C+ ifnull(min(FKSPND),' ') as SDSC, > C+ ifnull(min(F5COO),' ') as F5COO, > C+ ifnull(min(F2TOUM),' ') as F2TOUM, > C+ ifnull(min(HARPMT),' ') as HARPMT, > C+ ifnull(min(F5SCST),0), ifnull(min(F2FACT),1), Note all the IFNULLs? I know you can declare a column that doesn't allow NULL values (NOT NULL CAPABLE). It would seem to me that, except in very rare circumstances, you would declare fields this way and use an old-fashioned "no value" value. That would avoid a lot of the IFNULL claptrap you see in SQL code. A second option would be to be able to set a default value for each column and then have a runtime environment setting that allows you to use the default value whenever you encounter a NULL. You'd use this for reporting purposes, for example, when you don't really care about the NULL value. Note that this is different than a default value and NOT NULL CAPABLE -- in this scenario you can still set a NULL value and test for it in programs, but in queries for reporting purposes you would automagically get the default value, thus saving a step for displays. I guess it's a little more complicated when the NULLs come from missing records in JOINs. If you have a default value for a NULL-capable column in a file you are JOINing to and the record does not exist, do you get the default value or NULL? Joe
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